When Edward Hafer enrolled in the doctoral program in philosophy at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2001, the department was ranked among the top 30 in the country.
But two weeks after Mr. Hafer arrived, the faculty member he planned to study with left for another university. The next year another professor who was important to Mr. Hafer's work moved to the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee.
Then last year one of Mr. Hafer's most-important advisers left for the University of Texas at Austin. With each departure, Mr. Hafer lost ground in his own research.
But just as importantly, he watched Colorado's status plummet in a popular online ranking system called the Philosophical Gourmet Report. By last fall, the philosophy department at Boulder had fallen from No. 28 to No. 36.
Now Mr. Hafer has decided that he is the one who will be moving on. This fall he is giving up his plan to become a philosopher -- his dream since he was 5 years old -- and is enrolling in Colorado's law school.
"A lot of people have come to the conclusion that it's time to get out," Mr. Hafer says of his fellow graduate students. They are concerned about what the department's free fall in the Gourmet Report might mean for them, he says: "Everyone thinks that as our ranking drops, their marketability as future professors drops. That scares people."
If Mr. Hafer were studying American history or British literature, he and his classmates would not have such a clear indication that their department is struggling. Graduate programs in English or history may be able to rest on their laurels for years -- or, alternatively, spend a decade trying to prove that their stock has risen. In philosophy, however, the widely read rankings report has taken hold, despite critics, and now helps determine where students enroll in graduate school, how much money deans give departments, and even, some say, which scholars get hired. The online rankings -- which rate the top-50 programs every other year -- have also loosened the stranglehold on prestige that elite universities have in most disciplines, allowing public universities with top-notch programs to rise to the top.
"It is just like the American Film Institute's top-100 movie list," says Edwin McCann, a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California. "It can itself become a kind of focus."
Snobbery?
Department chairmen in other fields do not have such ranking worries. While graduate programs in other disciplines must rely on 10-year-old rankings from the National Research Council or on occasional ratings published by U.S. News & World Report, the Gourmet Report tracks the top 50 every other year, and publishes it all on the Internet. The rankings are based on the professional reputations of a department's professors, and the gain or loss of a couple of prominent faculty members can make the difference between shame and glory for a department.
One-Man Operation
The report was born in 1989, during Brian Leiter's second year of graduate school at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Some of his friends asked him for advice on where to apply for graduate work. Although he was only 26 at the time, he thought he had a good idea about where the nation's most prominent philosophers taught.
"There are people who know everyone's RBI's," says Mr. Leiter, who is now a professor of law and philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. "I was never interested in sports, but I knew about philosophers."
So Mr. Leiter assembled his own list of the country's top departments and typed it up. Soon after he produced the first printed report, Mr. Leiter began getting requests for copies from graduate departments across the country.
In 1997 Blackwell Publishing offered to pay Mr. Leiter to produce it. (He earns a fee in the low five figures.)
For most of the report's life, the rankings have been based solely on Mr. Leiter's "own gestalt sense of things," he says. The professor is a walking gossip machine and can rattle off the number of senior philosophers that Ohio State University lost this year (four) and the names of three prominent philosophers who just decided to leave Northwestern University: Terry Pinkard, Thomas Ricketts, and Charles Travis.
Mr. Leiter has his own blog, called Leiter Reports (http://leiterreports.typepad.com), where he dishes about such matters, speculating on the comings and goings of prominent philosophers and about what the moves might mean for a department's reputation. Sometimes department chairmen or members of a search committee contact Mr. Leiter about offers they have made, and sometimes information comes from the candidates themselves. Five years ago, when Mr. Leiter himself received a job offer from the University of Pennsylvania, he posted the news -- and wrote an update when he declined.
"In every field there are well-known cases of individual faculty who you know are terrific researchers but who you wouldn't want to send one of your students to work with," says Richard G. Heck Jr., a professor of philosophy at Harvard University who drafted the 2002 letter. Mr. Heck appeared on Mr. Leiter's blog last month when he decided to move from Harvard to Brown University.
To answer the critics, Mr. Leiter set out to make the ranking system more democratic. He established an advisory board of 70 philosophers, who help him assemble an online survey that he distributes to 400 professors. The survey asks them to evaluate the "attractiveness" of groups of faculty members -- including their "talent" and the "quality of work" they do -- on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 being "inadequate" and 5 being "distinguished." The survey groups professors by department but omits the names of their universities.
"One way the report has influenced the field is that it's created this huge, very competitive market for senior people," says Mr. Pasnau, the chairman at Boulder. "Now, no matter where you are, you're thinking: We have to get a superstar."
But state universities like Boulder can't always compete for top philosophers, who are known to pull down as much as $200,000 a year, plus hefty housing allowances in expensive cities and money for travel to research conferences.
'In the Dark'
While some professors lament the Gourmet Report and its influence, others clearly bask in the glow of high rankings. For years, Princeton stood out as the top philosophy department in the country. New York University and Rutgers University at New Brunswick followed close behind. But in 2002, Rutgers and NYU moved up to create a three-way tie for first place with Princeton. Rutgers did not hesitate to advertise the fact on the cover of its alumni magazine in 2003: "Philosophy Is No. 1!" it blared.
Graduate students agree that the report has helped steer them to places that they wouldn't necessarily have expected. Joshua Schechter used the rankings in deciding to enroll at NYU in 1998. "Without knowing from the report that NYU was considered so strong, I wouldn't have given it a second thought," says Mr. Schechter, who will finish his doctorate this summer and begin working as an assistant professor at Brown this fall. "As an undergrad, you think the top schools are Harvard and Princeton," says Mr. Schechter, who earned his bachelor's degree from the latter. "The idea that NYU would have a world-class philosophy department sounded a little bizarre."
Before the Gourmet Report became popular, philosophy students interested in graduate school had little to go on. "People were just in the dark," says Ned Block, a philosophy professor at NYU. "Many people I know who are prominent in philosophy today picked their graduate school on the basis of the most shoddy evidence. One person told me he picked his program because it was mentioned in a Simon & Garfunkel song."
Besides attracting good students, top ratings can also earn a department kudos -- and more importantly, more money -- from university administrators.
Morale Booster
A rise in the rankings can be as much a boon to a department's mood as it is to its bottom line. After Washington University in St. Louis hired three prominent philosophers and climbed from outside the top 50 to No. 36 last year, graduate applications to the philosophy program skyrocketed. For this coming fall, applications are up by more than 70 percent.
To celebrate its success, the department's office manager gave Mark Rollins, the chairman, a T-shirt. "We made the Leiter Reports," it says. "And All I Got Was This Lousy T-Shirt."
Says Mr. Rollins: "I don't think there's any doubt that it has boosted morale."
Likewise, a drop in the rankings can make everyone depressed. And it can be a dangerous sign unless a department moves quickly to turn the situation around, professors say.
"The result in terms of the intellectual life of a place might not really be that dramatic," says Mr. McCann, of USC. "But from the outside, it will look like a huge thing. Then you have to do something, make some dramatic new hires, to counteract the sense of a department on the skids."
| • | Deep Thought, Quantified
A unique rankings report charts (and helps make) the winners and losers in philosophy Chronicle of Higher Education, Friday, May 20, 2005 Byline: Robin WIlson |
|---|
|
Related Information Related Groups:
|